The Accompong Maroons tried but failed in their attempts to disperse the runaway community of Cuffee (Jamaica), who established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country in 1798. [3] The linguist Leo Spitzer, writing in the journal Language, says: "If there is a connection between Eng. He and his followers escaped to found villages in the lowlands. Although conditions were harsh, research suggests that thousands lived there between about 1700 and the 1860s. In 1655, the British conquered much of Jamaica, forcing the Spanish to flee to the northern coast. This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population. [26] Maroons also traded with isolated white settlers and Native American communities. By 1740, the maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists, forcing them to sign peace treaties. Search Sign In Don't have an account? Due to tensions and repeated conflicts with maroons from Trelawny Town, the Second Maroon War erupted in 1795. Learn about the Maroons of Jamaica, the first slaves to gain their freedom in the New World. [39] When the Trelawny Town Maroons killed Fitch, several of his officers, some Accompong Maroon trackers, and many militia soldiers in an ambush, Balcarres appointed a new general, George Walpole. The Miskito Sambu were a maroon group who formed from enslaved people who revolted on a Portuguese ship around 1640, wrecking the vessel on the coast of Honduras-Nicaragua and escaping into the interior. The Windward Maroons and those from the Cockpit Country resisted conquest in the First Maroon War (c. 1728 to 1740), which the government ended in 1739–1740 by making treaties to grant lands and to respect maroon autonomy, in exchange for peace and aiding the colonial militia if needed against external enemies. [35][36], American marronage began in Spain's colony on the island of Hispaniola. [22], Beginning in the late 17th century, Jamaican Maroons fought British colonists to a draw and eventually signed treaties in the mid-18th century, that effectively freed them a century before the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which came into effect in 1838. From their original landing place in Roatan Island, the maroons moved to Trujillo. The Great Dismal Swamp maroons inhabited the marshlands of the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina. In short, they attempted to live as free people, beyond the sight and control of the planters or colonial officials. Later, many of them gained freedom during the confusion surrounding the 1655 English Invasion of Jamaica. 1927 Montreal Canadiens Team picture from Montreal Standard - Howie Morenz . In 1648, the English bishop of Guatemala, Thomas Gage, reported active bands of maroons numbering in the hundreds along these routes. The physical isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today led to their communities remaining among the most inaccessible on the island. The Ndyuka were the first to sign a peace treaty offering them territorial autonomy in 1760. Before departing, the Spanish also freed their slaves and left them behind in the mountains to harry the English until they could amass a force for reconquest of Jamaica. Certain maroon factions became so formidable that they made treaties with local colonial authorities,[42] sometimes negotiating their independence in exchange for helping to hunt down other enslaved people who escaped.[43]. Escaped Blacks sought refuge away from the coastal plantations of Ponce. He proposes that the American Spanish word derives ultimately from the Arawakan root word simarabo, construed as 'fugitive', in the Arawakan language spoken by the Taíno people native to the island. [35], The treaties following the First Maroon War had called for the assignment of a white "superintendent" in each maroon community. See also: Maroons [8], The other maroon groups remained independent in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, surviving by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners and a large festival is put on every January 6 to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War. We're 100% free for everything! [48] Arawak lineages (Taíno people represented within haplogroups A and Kalinago people represented within haplogroups C) can also be found in this area. Created with Sketch. Add new page. Maroon War. Fortin, Jeffrey A. [26], Maroon men utilized exemplary guerrilla warfare skills to fight their European enemies. Tension between British colonial Governor Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, and the majority of the Leeward Maroons resulted in the Second Maroon War from 1795 to 1796. Later these people, known as the Cimarrón, assisted Sir Francis Drake in fighting against the Spanish. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 10:41. Their survival depended upon military abilities and culture of these communities, using guerrilla tactics and heavily fortified dwellings involving traps and diversions. [26] For example, maroon communities were established in remote swamps in the southern United States; in deep canyons with sinkholes but little water or fertile soil in Jamaica; and in deep jungles of the Guianas. In addition to escaped enslaved people, survivors from shipwrecks formed independent communities along rivers of the northern coast and mingled with indigenous communities in areas beyond the reach of the colonial administration. These colonies were finally eradicated by militia from Spanish-controlled New Orleans led by Francisco Bouligny. The word Maroon can have the following meanings: . Individual groups of maroons often allied themselves with the local indigenous tribes and occasionally assimilated into these populations. Name Reverse Phone Reverse Address. After the treaties, the white superintendents appointed by the governors eventually took control of the maroon towns. [51], When the colonial authorities deported the maroons of Trelawny Town, they left a void which was filled by communities of runaway slaves. [5][6][7][8][9][10], In the New World, as early as 1512, enslaved Africans escaped from Spanish captors and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own. [17] She was known for her exceptional leadership skills, especially in guerrilla warfare during the First Maroon War. Popular pages. [57] On 25 May 1891 the Aluku officially became French citizens. [11] Sir Francis Drake enlisted several cimarrones during his raids on the Spanish. Here at PASF our goal is to permanently alter the search results on the internet. [23] In 1740, similar treaties were signed by Quao and Nanny, major leaders of the Windward Maroons. Name Phone Address. In 1609, after having been a fugitive for 38 years, Yanga negotiated with the Spanish colonists to establish a self-ruled maroon settlement called San Lorenzo de los Negros, (later renamed Yanga).[49]. The 64th edition of the Altona Maroons was … Their intervention often appeared half-hearted: the Scott's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty, while those of Down's Cove simply took cover when attacked by the rebels. It allowed them to keep their own autonomous region of the island. [26] Disguised pathways, false trails, booby traps, underwater paths, quagmires and quicksand, and natural features were all used to conceal maroon villages. [9], In the 1670s and 1680s, in his capacity as an owner of a large slave plantation, former buccaneer and now lieutenant-governor of Jamaica Sir Henry Morgan led three campaigns against the Karmahaly Maroons of de Serras. [13] The Windward Maroons, in the wilder parts of eastern Jamaica, were always composed of separate highly mobile and culturally heterogeneous groups. The global circulation of Jamaican popular music has also helped to spread awareness of the Jamaican Maroons to other parts of the world. [10], Between 1673 and 1690 there were several major slave uprisings, mainly prompted by newly arrived, highly-militarized Fante or Coromantee groups from Cape Coast and Ashanti Empire. 1,830 people follow this . Cudjoe's well-trained forces were also mobilized to help deal with them, apparently successfully. [65][66], Moore Town, located between the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains in Portland Parish, was relisted on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 for its maroon heritage, particularly music. The word maroon is commonly believed to be derived from the English equivalent of the Spanish word Cimarron (wild). These fugitive enslaved people controlled many of the canals and back-country passages from Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf, including the Rigolets. [16], By about 1720, a stronger Windward community had developed around the culturally Africanised group of three villages known as Nanny Town, under the spiritual leadership of Queen Nanny, an Ashanti woman, sometimes in allegiance and sometimes in competition with other Windward groups. Here is how it looks when expanded: It appears to be almost identical to Google’s own version. How to effectively search on Facebook? Rather than become slaves to new masters, vast numbers of Spanish slaves took this opportunity to join the Maroons in the hill country. At other times, the maroons would adopt variations of a local European language (creolization) as a common tongue, for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of mother tongues.[25]. This page was last changed on 27 September 2020, at 20:58. [26] Punishments for recaptured maroons were severe, like removing the Achilles tendon, amputating a leg, castration, and being roasted to death. [13], When runaway Blacks and Amerindians banded together and subsisted independently they were called maroons. Search All Records. See more of The Maroons on Facebook. The community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s. Jamaican Maroons descend from maroons, Africans who escaped from slavery on the Colony of Jamaica and established free communities in the mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes. [53], A large group of runaway slaves established themselves near Hellshire Beach in southern Jamaica, and it thrived there for years until it was finally dispersed by a party of Windward Maroons in 1819. [31], In the years that followed the rebellion, many maroon officers such as Samuel Grant, allegedly the son of Davy, made a career out of hunting runaway slaves for the colonial authorities. Some were found in the interior of modern-day Honduras, along the trade routes by which silver mined on the Pacific side of the isthmus was carried by enslaved people down to coastal towns such as Trujillo or Puerto Caballos to be shipped to Europe. Name Reverse Phone Reverse Address. They arrived between 1818 and 1820. The maroon leader Mackandal led a movement to poison the drinking water of the plantation owners in the 1750s. While the maroons belonging to de Bolas disappeared from history, the English authorities failed to subdue the Karmahaly Maroons. Enslaved Africans who fled to remote mountainous areas were called marron (French) or mawon (Haitian Creole), meaning 'escaped slave'. [5][6] During the first decade of English rule, these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish. Separate communities can be distinguished from the cantones Cojimies y Tababuela, Esmeraldas, Limones. [19], After much fighting, the British took and destroyed Nanny Town in 1734, but most of the Windward Maroons simply dispersed and formed new settlements. In all likelihood, the words "Maroon" and "Seminole" share the same origin in the Spanish word cimarrón, meaning "wild" or "untamed". Get current address, cell phone number, email address, relatives, friends and a lot more. [19] Remnants of these communities remain to this day (2006) for example in Viñales, Cuba,[20] and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. Maroon societies had several degrees of stability. He then ordered that the maroons of Crawford's Town be resettled in the new, nearby Windward Maroon towns of Charles Town (Jamaica) and Scott's Hall (Jamaica). "[4] The Cuban philologist José Juan Arrom has traced the origins of the word maroon further than the Spanish cimarrón, used first in Hispaniola to refer to feral cattle, then to enslaved Indians who escaped to the hills, and by the early 1530s to enslaved Africans who did the same. But, as it became increasingly obvious that the British would hold their conquest, the group run by de Bolas changed its position. The governor called out the Moore Town Maroons one last time to put down the rebellion. 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